Patient Safety And Medication Administration Research Paper

Quiet Safety And Medication Administration - Research Paper Example Deciphering of medication happens in two significant structures, which are through penmanship and PC contributing (Mã'nica et al., 2011, p. 225). In any of these cases, there was an examination by Meng-Ting et al. (2010, p. 258) which set up the most successive instances of blunders these days. Omalhassan et al. (2009, p. 389) then again contended that the structures and reasons prompting blunders during interpreting are distinctive while putting together these with respect to manually written translating or PC composed deciphering. While utilizing penmanship, incorrect spelling, incorrectly understanding of composing and illegitimate portrayal of figures have been noted to be instances of the commonest types of mistakes (Hossein et al., 2012). At the point when PCs are utilized, Matt G. (2013, p. 28) noticed that there is the chance of the PC naturally changing or endeavoring to address a spelling, which may prompt mistake with spelling if not detected.At the organization stage add itionally, Moura, Prado and Acurcio (2011, p. 314) cautioned that blunders are as yet conceivable regardless of whether all the previously mentioned forms have been completed effectively. In the light of this, Murray et al. (2009, p. 761) saw that the issue of poor oversight with respect to medical attendants over patients whiles overseeing drug is a significant reason for mistake as it prompts wrong dose. This implies at the change stage where the medical attendant leaves the medication with the patient, it is feasible for the patient to either attempt or surpass the medication if close observing isn't set up.

Philips Maps Out a New Direction Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philips Maps Out a New Direction - Case Study Example By chopping down to only 3 significant divisions, the organization's center is probably going to hone. Utilizing numerous specialty units to create a wide scope of items would probably aftereffect of wastage of assets, cost wasteful aspects, and absence of a bound together heading for the organization all in all. (A&AS, 2002) Cutting down to only 3 units along these lines, in addition to other things, plans to decrease working expenses. Divisions which need comparative crude materials, labor and ability are converged into one unit with the goal that assets can be used all the more productively. (A&AS, 2002) This kind of revamping would likewise expand brand mindfulness and acknowledgment, as the items would be better situated in the brains of the purchasers. Delivering a wide scope of items under one brand name ordinarily makes disarray for the buyers concerning what precisely to distinguish the brand with. By stripping low-edge items, and centering a smaller and better chara cterized item blend, this disarray would be limited. (A&AS, 2002) The kind of rebuilding which involves stripping items and chopping down number of work units for the most part brings about laying-off representatives. This could bring about joblessness, also lower professional stability for existing workers. As is referenced for the situation, Philips faces issues with regards to mark acknowledgment, as Philips items are advertised in North America under an assortment of names. Additionally, Philips LCD TV innovation as of now has the No.2 spot in China, be that as it may, this achievement could be brief if China siphons.

Why Quitting Smoking Is Worth It at Any Age

Why Quitting Smoking Is Worth It at Any Age Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking Print Why Quitting Smoking Is Worth It at Any Age By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on April 18, 2016 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD Updated on January 26, 2020 Cludio Policarpo / EyeEm / Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking After You Quit Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Youre never too old to quit smoking, and there are a bunch of reasons why doing it now will be one of the smartest decisions youll ever make. Though youve smoked for years, the benefits youll enjoy when you quit smoking will begin within 20 minutes of your last cigarette, and the benefits grow for years to come.?? You will reduce your risk of heart attack, stroke, and cancer.Your circulation and lung function will improve.If you have chronic bronchitis or emphysema, quitting will help stop further damage.Youll feel physically better, have more stamina and energy, and your self-esteem will soar! Its never too late to quit smoking. Do Most Older Smokers Want to Quit Smoking? Yes! Most smokers, even younger ones, want to quit smoking. What keeps them from quitting? Fear of being irritable, nervous, and tense. Fear of gaining weight. Fear that nicotine withdrawal symptoms will be more than they can manage. Fear that life will be boring without their smokes.   None of these is a good reason to continue smoking, but nicotine addiction can cloud a persons thinking.   Once free of smoking, people usually look back and wonder why they didnt quit sooner. The discomforts associated with smoking cessation are all  temporary. Education about  what to expect  and having a  support system  in place can make the quitting process doable and even enjoyable. 10 Quit Stories That Will Inspire You to Stop Smoking Older Smokers By the Numbers Among adults in the U.S.,16 out of 100 between the ages of 45 and 64 smoke cigarettes. For those over 8 out of 100 smoke. That amounts to 25% of all smokers.?? Older smokers usually smoke more than younger people and are more likely to smoke brands of cigarettes that have high nicotine levels.   Older smokers often begin to experience physical symptoms such as shortness of breath and coughing, which are signs of the damage smoking causes. Older Smokers and Quitting Success Contrary to what you might think, quitting smoking later in life is not futile or even more difficult. Older smokers are often more likely (and motivated) to quit for good than younger smokers.  Theyve spent years developing a loathing for an addiction they now feel chained to. The longer a person smokes, the less appealing it becomes.   Along with improved health after quitting, older smokers also report feeling relief and gratitude. And that feeds their long-term success. Thanks to the incredible healing powers of the human body, many long-term smokers will notice significant improvements once they quit. Health Benefits in First 3 Months After Quitting Smoking Quitting Reduces Health Risks in Older Smokers While health risks from smoking increase with age, there are always benefits to quitting smoking at any age. Some of the risk factors for smoking include: Tiredness and Shortness of Breath Smokersâ€"especially those over 50â€"are more likely to feel tired, have shortness of breath, and experience a persistent cough.?? These symptoms often signal the onset of COPD, or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,  which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Because COPD is usually slow to develop, it doesnt bother most people until theyve been smoking for many years. Heart Attack Risk Smokers age 60 and older have a greater risk of suffering a heart attack. Smoking is a major risk factor in 4 of the 5 leading causes of death.?? These include: Heart diseaseStrokeCancerCOPD Expanding that list further, we find that smoking is a major risk factor in 6 of the top 14 causes of death. Older male smokers are nearly twice as likely to die from stroke as older men who do not smoke. The odds are nearly as high for older female smokers.?? Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S., and the leading cause of death caused by smoking. For middle-aged men who smoke, the risk of dying of coronary heart disease increases by four times. For women, the risk is five-fold. Smoking is hard on the heart.?? Lung Disease and Cancer Risk Smoking increases the risk of dying from lung cancer or emphysema, along with numerous other  smoking-related diseases. The risk of dying from lung cancer is much higher for smokers than nonsmokers: 23 times higher for men, and 12 times higher for women.?? Death by bronchitis or emphysema increases 17 times for men and 12 times for women over their non-smoking counterparts.?? Cigarette smokers age 60 or older have an overall risk of death that is about two times higher than that of never smokers of similar age. Life expectancy for smokers is at least 6 years less than it is for non-smokers.?? The Biggest Smoking Risk Isnt Lung Disease No Matter Your Age, Quitting Will Help You Even if youre a smoker and have suffered a heart attack, there is good news: Quitting can reduce the chance of another attack. In some cases quitting can cut the chances in half or even more. Every day you dedicate to smoking steals more of your life from you and from those who love you. Dont fall for the misguided thinking that its too late for you to quit smoking. Thats nicotine addiction talking, and that mental chatter has a name: junkie thinking. It's Never Too Late to Quit Smoking No matter what your age, quitting smoking can improve your health. As soon as you put down that last cigarette, the benefits begin.

Finding Solutions to Indias Poor Essay - 1438 Words

INTRODUCTION INDIA is rich in its diversity of forms of informal settlement, which experience daily the realities of vulnerability to a wide range of hazards. In the way that Indian cities have grown, there has been uncontrolled development that simply obeys the necessity of the deprived classes of obtaining a habitat inside the environment of the city that allows them possibilities of getting employment and better living conditions, this has motivated the urban populations growth to increase at a rapid rate. However, spatial location of poor people has simply shifted, with worse living condition. Informal settlement upgrading and development by its nature requires a strong emphasis and focus on the resident communities. The Urban design†¦show more content†¦CONDITIONS AND ACCESS TO SERVICES IN INFORMAL NEIGHBOURHOODS The urban poverty apart from being distinct from rural poverty also has another dimension which reveals that the problems being faced by the poor in small urban areas are different from that of large cities. However, in general, the urban poverty manifests in the form of inadequate provision of housing and shelter, water, sanitation, health, education, social security and livelihoods along with special needs of vulnerable groups like women, children, differently abled and aged people.4 In urban centers, people are dependent on public and private services to mitigate the environmental effects of the overcrowded conditions in which they live. Surveys have revealed that low-income groups residing in informal settlements are paying heavy costs. They have serious problems of physical congestion and economic deprivation that have been accentuated over the years. Lack of access to basic services such as water and sanitation can also be taken as an indicator of the prevalence of subserviced settlements, thus urban poverty is invariably associated with poor living quality. Often in overcrowded unsanitary slum settlements there is easy spread of infectious diseases. Lack of access to services also plays a major part in the spread of disease. In the developing world the five major childhood conditions that areShow MoreRelatedChild Labor Is Not An Effective Way For India1533 Words   |  7 Pagesvillage in Tamil Nadu India contribute to the household income). 5 (Research bas ed on data collected from interviews to 176 households of Mukkudal village, Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu, India, held in October-December 1992.) We conclude from this finding that the children are the most essential to the family’s resources. 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And Bapu was very much follower of this ideology, sacrifice here means bread labour. There is a worldwide conflict between capital and labour, and the poor envy the reach. 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The more I reasearched, the more I realized that my own beliefs of the justice system were wrong and in desperate need of change. The poor American criminal justice system is the source of the United States growing prison population, but is certainly not the only reason. The way we treat our prisoners and handle them accomplishes nothing but to break them down even futher and destroying

Case Study Of Rita And Christina - 1885 Words

Jessie Lemoine PSC 142 02/05/2014 Written Project: Case Study of Rita and Christina. The following project, will address the case of Rita and Christiana C . after concern was provided by a neighbor, who reported that 2 years-old, Christina, seemed underweight, neglected and presented facial bruises. She is cared by her currently unemployed single 19 year old mother, Rita C., in a one bedroom apartment in a lower-income neighborhood of Pleasantville, CA. Under these circumstances, a caseworker was assigned by Child Protective Services to visit the home in order to identify the potential impacts and implications for the developmental growth of Christina C. In order to advise Judge Thompson, this project will focus on providing careful explanations that describe the familial and parental characteristics of the socio-cultural environment that favor the removal of Christina from Rita s custody, followed by the explanation of why the attachment between the parent and child provide reasons that are against the removal of Rita s custody of Christina, to end on a recommen dation on which course of action will best benefit the child. Observations that favor the removal of Christina C. In the evaluation of the case study, the environmental situation in which Christina C. is raised do advocate for her removal due to an unsafe home that is reinforced by insufficient care, inadequate resources, lack of monitoring and minor peer support. 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American Industrialization And Immigration Free Essays

This song, written for the Yiddish theatre around 1900 by Hyman Prizit and Abe Schwarz, is a fairly good summation of the essay The Uprooted, written about 50 years later by Oscar Handlin. The second great wave of immigrants during the last half of the nineteenth century consisted of peasant farmers from Eastern and Southern Europe as well as Scandinavia, forced off of lands that had sustained them for generations, no longer able to extract a living from it, or fleeing persecutions and repressive, quasi-feudal governments. The had heard of â€Å"Amerika,† where the streets were paved with gold and land was there for the taking. We will write a custom essay sample on American Industrialization And Immigration or any similar topic only for you Order Now Often spending all they had, those who survived the crossing arrived and found the streets paved not with gold, but with the blood, sweat and toil of those who were exploited to create gold for elite ruling classes that were often more oppressive than those they had fled. The difference was in the nature of the exploitation and oppression. Whereas in the â€Å"Old Country,† physical violence had most often been the tool of oppression – Cossacks, private police, etc. – in the industrial-capitalistic U. S. , the oppression was economic. Those who controlled the means of production, then as now, though only of maximizing and internalizing profits while minimizing and externalizing costs. Human life meant nothing to the industrial capitalist overlords. Had not the 13th Amendment outlawed slavery, they would have happily enslaved the newcomers in order to keep themselves in luxury. A few of the immigrants were able to escape the cities, and even fewer managed to acquire land and establish farms. Most however found themselves trapped in a system that not only cut them off from the land, entrapping them in a virtual jungle of concrete, brick and stone, but found their very lives subject to economic cycles, manipulations and machinations they could neither understand nor control. When employment was available, the demands of the corporate leeches robbed the immigrant laborers of the comforts of family, culture and even religious faith, since workers were often required to work seven days a week. In Ethnic Enclaves and the Worker’s Saloon, Roy Rosenzweig describes how the workers of one city were able to take back some power from their corporate overlords, and how the unique character of this city made it even possible. Worcester Massachusetts was unusual in a number of ways. Unlike many industrial towns, it was not located near a navigable river nor a source of raw materials. Additionally, during the wave of corporate mergers and acquisition that took place during the first â€Å"Robber Baron† era around the turn of the 20th century, most of the factories in Worcester managed to remain under local control. â€Å"Control† was the operative word, here; the families who started Worcester’s industries virtually controlled the community. As in large port cities such as Baltimore, New York and Boston, the immigrant workforce was a mixed lot who often could not see beyond their own ethnic and religious differences to realize that as workers, they shared many of the same problems. In addition, the control of city politics by the industrial capitalists made it difficult for working-class people to get involved in the system in any sort of active way. This, combined with â€Å"the carrot of paternalism† (i. e. , â€Å"faith-based initiatives,† charity organizations, educational programs) and the â€Å"stick of repression† (threat of firings if workers were suspected of union activity, tracking of personal information and the use of company spies) helped the elite classes maintain control over the workforce (88). As the ethnic landscape grew more diverse, the individual ethnic communities began to â€Å"circle the wagons,† metaphorically speaking; the results were an â€Å"interweaving of church, fraternal lodge and family† that allowed built a support system for the various communities – who were, often as not, at odds with each other. This in combination with the more structured, disciplinarian and authoritarian structure in the workplace that inhibited socialization, gave rise to the saloons – literal drinking establishments as the working class began to have more leisure time. Whereas in earlier times, drinking and socializing on the job (primarily in artisan and agricultural industries) was permissible, in the more mechanized industrial workplace, it was not (more because the bosses wanted more control over their workers rather than out of any real concern for their safety, one suspects). This also had the effect of separating the male from home and family to a greater degree (89). U. S. history appears to run in cycles, with a pendulum that swings from an egalitarian, socialistic economic model in which the economy serves the people, to a quasi-feudal, hyper-capitalistic, laissez-faire system in which a few ruthless individuals claw their way to the top of the socio-economic ladder and become economic leeches, literally feeding off of the blood and sweat of honest laborers while contributing little, if anything to the betterment of society (cases in point – the Walton (Wal-Mart) family, Paris Hilton and the Bush dynasty). Like today, the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was a period of capitalism run amuck, justified by a sick, twisted perversion of Christianity preached by a murderous sociopath over four hundred years before in Geneva, Switzerland. Like the medieval Catholicism, Calvinism has been used to justify authoritarianism dominance by a patriarchal, self-appointed aristocracy, whose only interests are in the accumulation of wealth and power over society. Human needs and even lives mean nothing to these predators (although their Congressional lap-dogs and lickspittles are not above moralizing about a â€Å"culture of life† – as long as it involves people who are either still in the womb, are vegetative, or anyone else for whom they themselves don’t need to take any direct responsibility). The tragedy is that the concept of the sweatshop and worker exploitation has never completely disappeared, despite the efforts of the â€Å"saloons† and the union movements that ultimately grew from them. In the 1930’s, Franklin Roosevelt literally â€Å"saved capitalism from itself† with the New Deal that among other things, strengthened worker protections and the right to form a union. For about four decades, these policies resulted in the establishment of a solid middle class – corresponding to the â€Å"yeomanry† that Thomas Jefferson himself said was the bedrock of a democracy. Like the first middle class of the U. S. , which existed between 1790 and 1840, this middle class was politically savvy and involved. When this activism forced an end to their highly profitable war in Vietnam, the politicians and their corporate backers in the war industries responded with a â€Å"new† brand of conservatism which was really the same kind of predatory, â€Å"robber baron† economics that FDR had tried to end. The ultimate goal of today’s neo-conservatism is to end democracy and replace it with feudalism by destroying the middle and working classes – something Reagan and his three successors have been doing quite effectively. Since the labor laws that would have permitted a return to child labor, sweatshops and twelve-hour, seven-day-a-week work schedules would be hard to overcome, this labor was simply shipped overseas to nations where such things were permitted. This not only allowed corporate capitalists to maximize profits to obscene levels on the backs of these workers, it also robbed American workers of their livelihoods, and has put much of the middle class in such economic insecurity, they have little time or inclination for activism. This was made possible by a number of things: Reagan’s intentional failure to enforce the Sherman Act, and the elimination of the tariffs that financed a great deal of the federal government for 200 years. This was followed by â€Å"Free Trade† agreements that are in fact â€Å"free† for large corporate interests, but exact a heavy price on everyone else, and the transfer of the â€Å"commons† – that which the citizens of a nation hold in ownership collectively – to private, predatory, profit-driven corporations. The results are clear, if not generally spoken of my a bought-and-paid-for corporate media: 46 million U. S. citizens with no access to health care, the destruction and continuing neglect of a major port city, the rape of a foreign country on behalf of private corporate oil interests (being protected in large part by a private, well-paid mercenary army while U. S. ground troops go without the most basic necessities), the deterioration of public education, the sell-out of U. S. industry and infrastructure to foreign interests, the near-destruction of the middle class as wealth is stolen through regressive taxes and transferred to economic parasites such as the Walton family. Handlin paints an accurate picture of a time that not only was, but is in great danger of returning. The only hope for the U. S. is suggested by Rosenzweig, which is actually being seen today on the Internet. Today’s Progressive on-line blogs and chatrooms are the new â€Å"Saloons,† where the issues outlined above – long ignored or misunderstood by a citizenry lulled by the panen et circensem of today – are finally being discussed. While the majority of â€Å"Republicrats† and â€Å"Demopublicans† in Congress continue to thumb their noses at the citizens they claim to represent as they continue to enable a dysfunctional, sociopathic, twice-unelected â€Å"president† and his fascist-leaning cohorts, today’s technology has made it impossible to hide the corruption and decay completely. History runs in cycles. Just as the last quarter-century has seen the return of exploitive Robber Baron capitalism, so has the Internet provided â€Å"Saloons† where the working class can once again take back what is rightfully theirs and create an economy that serves people – not the other way around. How to cite American Industrialization And Immigration, Papers

The Complex Character of Constantine Dimitrich Lev Essays - Film

The Complex Character of Constantine Dimitrich Levin In the novel Anna Karenina , written by Leo Tolstoy, both major and minor characters have played important roles through out the story. One protagonist, Constantine Dimitrich Levin, caught my interest as being a compassionate, moral character. He is a complex character whose direct and indirect characterization highlights a search for balance. Constantine Dimitrich Levin, often called Levin or Constantine, and later Kostya by Kitty, is a farmer in Russia in the eighteenth century. He enjoys his work and avoids the city at all costs. He is madly in love with Princess Shcherbatskaya , normally called Kitty, but she rejects him in hoping that Count Vronsky , a man who has shown great interest in her, will propose marriage. Both are rejected but re unite their feelings and eventually marry. The novel directly depicts Levin as a strongly built, honest worker, which makes him a reasonable role model. Levin dislikes the immoral views of the aristocracy. He enjoys his choice of work in the fields and begins to trust the peasants who assist him in his farming duties. He believes that working outside the cities provide a more noble lifestyle. Levin considers peasants to be more independent that those in urban areas and considers the peasants more morally correct. Levin is indirectly described as a shy man torn apart by his philosophical and religious views. Levin often argues with others and himself on different views of life. Inside, he is torn apart about religion and the meaning of life. Outside, he argues about politics and philosophical views, but does not debate because of his uncertainty of his own views. He often debates with his older half brother Sergius Ivanich Koznyshev about numerous conflicting views. Whenever the two brothers got into disagreements about the peasants, Koznyshov would always convince Levin precisely because he had such definite c onceptions about the peasants. Levin did not have a definite and unchangeable conception, so in these arguments he was always caught contradicting himself . Levin, though having strong views about politics and the peasants, cannot debate with anyone because he possesses contradicting views, which are easily overthrown. Debating with his brother both embarrasses and angers Levin because his brother does not understand his views and always proves him wrong. Though his beliefs are sincere, they have a tendency to change with every person he debates with about certain views. Levin through out the novel is shown to be shy, compassionate and he cherishes moral values. Levin enjoys living life according to fair principles, and dislikes those who do not . That is an admirable quality because very few people live by fair principles and normally their choices are immoral. Also, he has a belief to live according to one's self- interests and believes that self-interest can be a positive force in one's life . This is what Levin is arguing about with his brother; he wishes the peasants to control their lives with self-interests, not by the interests of the government because the general welfare may not benefit the peasants or him. Directly depicted as an honest, moral man, Levin is well liked among people he meets . The novel goes in-depth by indirectly depicting him to be a philosophical thinker and an atheist, who is torn apart by his beliefs. The manner Tolst oy describes Levin is appealing . By using both direct and indi rect characterizations, Tolstoy aimed to depict Levin as the role model for Russians in the eighteenth century.

Free Essays on Roe vs Wade

There were many cases in History that have marked milestones on today’s society. There were some that have changed the way a lot of things were run in this world according to the constitution. I am a woman so the one case that is marked in my mind would have to be the Supreme Court case, Roe vs Wade. The legal case, decided in 1973 by the U.S. Supreme Court, that held restrictive state regulation of abortion to be unconstitutional. It was a 7–2 vote the Supreme Court upheld the lower court's decision that a Texas statute criminalizing abortion in most instances violated a woman's constitutional right of privacy, which the court found implicit in the liberty guarantee of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This meant that the women indeed did have a right to choose their future. The case began in 1970 when Jane Roe (a fictional name used to protect the identity of Norma McCorvey) instituted federal action against Henry Wade, the district attorney of Dallas county, Texas, where Roe resided. The court disagreed with Roe's assertion of an absolute right to terminate pregnancy in any way and at any time and attempted to balance a woman's right of privacy with a state's interest in regulating abortion. The court stated that only a â€Å"compelling state interest† justifies regulations limiting â€Å"fundamental rights† such as: privacy and that legislators must therefore draw statutes narrowly â€Å"to express the legitimate state interests at stake.† The court then attempted to balance the state's distinct compelling interests in the health of pregnant women and in the potential life of fetuses. It placed the point after which a state's compelling interest in the pregnant woman's health would allow it to regulate abortion â€Å"at approxi mately the end of the first trimester† of pregnancy. With regard to fetuses, the court located that point at â€Å"capability for meaningful life outside the mother's womb,† or viabili... Free Essays on Roe vs Wade Free Essays on Roe vs Wade There were many cases in History that have marked milestones on today’s society. There were some that have changed the way a lot of things were run in this world according to the constitution. I am a woman so the one case that is marked in my mind would have to be the Supreme Court case, Roe vs Wade. The legal case, decided in 1973 by the U.S. Supreme Court, that held restrictive state regulation of abortion to be unconstitutional. It was a 7–2 vote the Supreme Court upheld the lower court's decision that a Texas statute criminalizing abortion in most instances violated a woman's constitutional right of privacy, which the court found implicit in the liberty guarantee of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This meant that the women indeed did have a right to choose their future. The case began in 1970 when Jane Roe (a fictional name used to protect the identity of Norma McCorvey) instituted federal action against Henry Wade, the district attorney of Dallas county, Texas, where Roe resided. The court disagreed with Roe's assertion of an absolute right to terminate pregnancy in any way and at any time and attempted to balance a woman's right of privacy with a state's interest in regulating abortion. The court stated that only a â€Å"compelling state interest† justifies regulations limiting â€Å"fundamental rights† such as: privacy and that legislators must therefore draw statutes narrowly â€Å"to express the legitimate state interests at stake.† The court then attempted to balance the state's distinct compelling interests in the health of pregnant women and in the potential life of fetuses. It placed the point after which a state's compelling interest in the pregnant woman's health would allow it to regulate abortion â€Å"at approxi mately the end of the first trimester† of pregnancy. With regard to fetuses, the court located that point at â€Å"capability for meaningful life outside the mother's womb,† or viabili...

About Sir Clough Williams-Ellis and Portmeirion, Wales

About Sir Clough Williams-Ellis and Portmeirion, Wales Architect Clough Williams-Ellis (born May 28, 1883 in Gayton, Northamptonshire, England) is best-known as the creator of Portmeirion, a village in Wales, yet as an environmentalist he also helped establish the British National Parks system and became knighted for his services to architecture and the environment. Son of the Reverand John Clough Williams-Ellis, young Bertram Clough first moved to Wales with his family when he was only four. He went back to England to study mathematics at Trinity College in Cambridge, but he never graduated. From 1902 to 1903 he trained at the Architectural Association in London. The budding designer had deep Welsh and English connections, being related to the medieval entrepreneur Sir Richard Clough (1530–1570) and the Victorian poet Arthur Hugh Clough (1819-1861). His first designs were numerous parsonages and regional cottages in England and Northern Ireland. He inherited some property in Wales in 1908, married in 1915, and raised a family there. After serving in World War I, he designed a number of war memorials and travelled to architecturally rich countries like Italy, an experience that informed his sense of what he wanted to build in his homeland. In 1925 Clough Williams-Ellis began building in Portmeirion in northern Wales, and he didnt finish until 1976. Located on Sir Cloughs private peninsula on the coast of Snowdonia, Portmeirion first opened in 1926. That year, Sir Clough also founded the CPRE (Council for the Protection of Rural England). He established the CPRW (now Campaign for the Protection of Rural Wales) in 1928. Portmeirion was not a continuous project, however. He continued to design residences and in 1935 he designed the original summit building on Snowdon, which became the highest building in Wales. Forever the conservationist and environmentalist, Sir Clough helped establish the British National Parks in 1945, and in 1947 he penned On Trust for the Nation for the National Trust. He was knighted in 1972 for services to architecture and the environment.   He died at his home in Plas Brondanw on April 8, 1978. Portmerion: A Lifelong Project The flamboyant and largely self-taught Bertram Clough Williams-Ellis devoted his life to the cause of environmental preservation. His work on the resort village of Portmeirion, Wales represented his efforts to prove that it was possible to build beautiful - and colorful - housing without defiling the natural landscape. Sir Clough was 90 years old when  Portmeirion was completed. Portmeirion is riddled with anachronisms. Greek gods mingle with gilded figures of Burmese dancers. Modest stucco bungalows are decked with arcaded porches, balustraded balconies, and Corinthian columns. Its as though the designer tossed 5,000 years of architectural history along the shore, without a care for symmetry, accuracy, or continuity. Even American architect Frank Lloyd Wright paid a visit in 1956, just to see what Clough was up to. Wright, who also boasted a Welsh heritage and a concern for conservation, praised the innovative combinations of architectural styles. Portmeirion became an exercise in historic restoration. Many of the structures were pieced together from buildings destined for demolition. The village became known as a repository for fallen architecture. Portmeirion designer Sir Clough Williams-Ellis didnt mind when visitors called his quirky village Home for Fallen Buildings. Architect Clough Williams-Ellis moved amongst artists and artisans. He married the writer Amabel Strachey and fathered the artist/potter Susan Williams-Ellis, originator of Portmeirion Botanic Garden dinnerware. An Italian Resort in Northern Wales Viewers of the 1960s television series The Prisoner will find some of the landscapes eerily familiar. The bizarre prison kingdom where actor Patrick McGoohan encountered surreal adventures was, in fact, Portmeirion. The vacation village of Portmeirion nestles on the northern coast of Wales, but theres nothing Welsh in the flavor of its architecture. No stone cottages here. Instead, the hillside overlooking the bay is dotted with candy-colored houses which suggest sunny Mediterranean landscapes. There are even swaying palm trees around the tinkling fountains. Portmeirion village in Minffordd has become a destination vacation and event venue in northern Wales. It has accommodations, cafes, and weddings all within a Disneyesque community. Vacationing within a fanciful, planned community was big business in the 1960s, after the success of Californias Disneyland in 1955 and before the 1971 opening of Floridas Walt Disney World Resort. Sir Cloughs idea of fantasy, however, took on more Italianate tone than Disneys mousechitecture. The Unicorn Cottage, for example, was a British-Italian experience in the Welsh countryside. Since 2012, Portmeierion has been the site of an arts and music festival called Festival No6 - named after the main character in The Prisoner. For one long, exhausting weekend in early September, Sir Cloughs village is home to the quirky fringe who seek poetry, harmony, and a Mediterranean refuge in northern Wales. Festival No6 is billed as a festival unlike any other  - no doubt because the fanciful Welsh village is itself a fantasy. In the TV show, the sense of geographical and temporal displacement suggests that this village was created by a madman. But there was nothing crazy about Portmeirions designer, Sir Clough Williams-Ellis. His lifelong concern was with environmental preservation. By building Portmeirion on his private peninsula in Snowdonia, Wales, Sir Clough hoped to show that architecture can be beautiful and fun...without defacing the landscape. Despite these high-minded intentions, however, Portmeirion is, most of all, entertaining. Clough Williams-Ellis was a master of illusion, and his designs confuse, delight, and deceive. Highlights of Portmeirion The Piazza Originally the Piazza was a tennis court, but since 1966 the area has been a quiet paved area with a blue tiled pond, a fountain, and lavish flower beds. Along the southern edge of the Piazza, two columns support gilded figures of Burmese dancers. A low stone stairway climbs to the Gloriette - a playful structure named after the grand monument at the Schà ¶nbrunn Palace near Vienna. Built in the mid-1960s, Portmeirions garden room or gloriette is not a building, but a decorative facade. Five trompe loeil windows surround the open doorway. The four columns are the work of 18th century architect Samuael Wyatt, salvaged from the colonnade of Hooton Hall, Cheshire. The Bridge House Built between 1958 and 1959, Bridge House seems larger than it really is because of its tapering walls. When visitors pass through the archway from the parking area, they encounter their first breathtaking view of the village. Bristol Colonnade Built in about 1760, the Colonnade stood in front of a Bristol bathhouse in England. It was falling into decay when Portmeirions creator moved the structure to Portmeirion - piece by piece.in 1959. Several hundred tons of delicate masonry were disassembled and transported to the Welsh village. Every stone was numbered, and replaced according to precise measurements. Promenade Sir Clough Williams-Ellis, today recognized as one of the United Kingdoms first conservationists, wanted to show that the development of a naturally beautiful site need not lead to its defilement. An assortment of urns and columns line the flower strewn Promenade atop the Bristol Colonnade - rebuilt in the Welsh hillside, overlooking The Piazza and the village. The integration of walkways atop, over, through, and into Sir Cloughs designed village ties together the themes of community and harmony within an Italian Renaissance architecture. The dome at the Promenades end replicates the famous Brunelleschi dome in Florence, Italy. Unicorn Cottage In this miniature of a stately Chatsworth home, architect and Portmeirion master planner Sir Clough Williams-Ellis creates the illusion of a classic Georgian estate. Elongated windows, long pillars, and an undersized gate make the Unicorn seem tall, but in fact it is a dressed-up bungalow built in the mid-1960s...and only one story high. Hercules Gazebo Several cast iron mermaid panels, salvaged from the Old Seamans Home in Liverpool, form the sides of the Hercules Gazebo, built in 1961-1962. For many years, the Hercules Gazebo was painted shocking pink. The structure is now a more subtle terra-cotta shade. But this playful facade is yet another example of architectural illusion - as a space to house mechanical equipment, the Gazebo disguises a generator. Cottages Hotels and cottages dot the planned landscape of Portmeirion, just as they would in any village. Chantry Cottage, with its red-clay tile Italiante roof, sits high atop the hill, above the Bristol Colonnade and Promenade below. Built in 1937 for the Welsh painter Augustus John, Chantry Cottage is one of the earliest structures built by Sir Clough Williams-Ellis and today is a self-catering cottage sleeping nine. But it all began with legendary mermaids, real or not. Dating from the 1850s, the Mermaid house was present on the peninsula when building began at Portmeirion. For many years it was used to house village staff. Sir Clough dressed up the cottage with an imposing metal canopy and the welcoming palm trees sprinkled throughout the village. Landscape design and Italianate architecture is how Sir Clough created the illusion that we are in sunny Italy...not in wet and windy North Wales. And it works. Visual Elements for Portmeirion The Piazza Village Center - VisitBritain/Britain on View/Getty Images Bridge House - Martin Leigh/Getty Image (cropped) Bristol Colonnade Bathhouse from Bristol, England - John Freeman/Getty Images (cropped) Promenade - Charles Bowman/Getty Images (cropped) Unicorn Cottage Behind Colorful Iron Gate  - Paul Thompson/Getty Images (cropped) Hercules Gazebo on Day 2 of Festival No6  - Andrew Benge/Getty Images Bristol Colonnade Beneath Chantry Row  - John Freeman/Getty Images (cropped) Sources Chronology, https://www.portmeirion-village.com/visit/clough-williams-ellis/chronology/ [accessed March 17, 2018]ocal Legends, BBC, bbc.co.uk/legacies/myths_legends/wales/w_ne/article_7.shtml [accessed March 17, 2018]Snowdon summit centre hits the peak of success, WalesOnline, https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/snowdon-summit-centre-hits-peak-1913101 [accessed March 17, 2018]Photo credits: The Resort Village of Portmeirion, Wales by Martin Leigh/Photolibrary Collection/Getty Images (cropped); Bridge House by John Freeman/Getty Images (cropped); The Colonnade by Ben Pipe Photography/Getty Images (cropped); Promenade atop the Bristol Colonnade by John Freeman/Getty Images (cropped); Unicorn Cottage by Paul Thompson/Getty Images (cropped); Cast Iron Mermaid Panel by Scott Wylie, scotbot via flckr.com, Creative Commons 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0)

Identify a contract issued by the City of Chicago in 2013, briefly Essay

Identify a contract issued by the City of Chicago in 2013, briefly - Essay Example The company delves into the programmatic and operational difficulties that government agencies experience and assist in finding for solutions to such difficulties. Bronner Group was issued this contract on May 20th, 2013. The contract was to offer target business financial consulting services on compliance audits in the department of procurement services (City of Chicago 1-4). The Chicago City issued Bronner Group two contracts in 2013. These contracts were contract numbers 28193 and 27778. Bronner Group Company was awarded 140, 000 US dollars for Contract 28193 (City of Chicago 1). However, contract 27778 was a contract that depended upon requirements. A contract that depends upon conditions is a contract with unspecified quantities of services or goods in which the City of Chicago places orders when need arises. City of Chicago. City of Chicago Economic Disclosure Statement and Affidavit Related to Contract/Amendment/Solicitation. Chicago: City of Chicago,  2014. Web. 29  Mar.  2014.

Progression report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Progression report - Essay Example I intend to write more and also have more discussions with my supervisors. Due to the understanding that I do possess about the importance of having accurate, valuable and informative information, currently I am undertaking the task of reviewing the previous chapters that I had completed as stipulated in the timeline. The review of the chapters is of great importance as it will ensure that the information contained in the chapters such as introduction, literature review, methodology and data collection are free of errors and are relevant and a true reflection of the status of the study. In addition it will enable in inclusion of some omissions that might have been overlooked during the writing of the chapters. The review of the chapters might take a considerable time since at times I will be required to undertake research as to correct some errors that might be present. Some of the writing obstacles include plenty of materials that one has to undergo through before coming up with the data required and at times the information received is irrelevant or outdated. Additionally, there exists time deadlines that one has to meet hence one has to balance time accordingly. For the analysis stage the preparation that is required to be done is familiarising oneself on the different analysis techniques that can be employed and ensuring one clearly understands the data to be discussed. The chapter on analysis and discussion is expected to take about three month period starting the month of September. The reason why it will need to consume this amount of time is mainly because during the discussions and analysis different available information will need to be compared and verified before a certain position is adopted. Additionally during this stage, in most cases there exists contradicting information that might result to new research hence consuming quite a lot of time. Also the analysis and discussion might involve ideas from

Criminal Justice and Computers :: Technology Essays Police

Criminal Justice and Computers Technology affects almost all aspects of society today. Family life, medicine, business, telecommunications, and social life have all been changed for both good and bad. Interesting me in particular, technology (mainly computers) has influenced the criminal justice/law enforcement field. That is my chosen profession that I hope to accomplish. A few summers ago, I had the privilege to ride along in a patrol car two times with the Michigan State Police Bay City Post. As I was side by side with the troopers, I observed many things. I never knew how much they used technology. Not only computers, but other things as well. Throughout one’s shift, the officer communicates on his radio frequently. This radio can broadcast all around the county to other police officers and stations. That is the way that the word about a crime gets spread. If an officer is down, he or she can just talk into their radio and help will come as soon as possible. I thought that when the police officer pulled over a speeding car, they walked up to it, issued the violator a ticket, and went on their merry little way. I was wrong. When they first pull them over, the officer enters the license plate into the mini computer. There is a small device that is latched into the console between the seats in the patrol car. It looks like a small computer with the keyboard and screen attached together. There are many different options to choose from on the main screen. After the officer enters the license plate number, a whole bunch of information comes up. Who owns the car, the make of the car, and information similar to that come up on the screen. After the officer gets the driver’s license, he or she enters that into the police blotter also. The information that comes back now is if there is a warrant out for the driver’s arrest, if he or she has any unpaid tickets, and also all the other times he or she has gotten pulled over for traffic violations with in the past year show up. Without this technology, police officers would be in a lot of danger. There could be a convicted felon in that car, but the officer would be unaware. So with this computer, a lot of information is stored, the safety of lives is increased, and the police can find out about the driver without asking him anything. Criminal Justice and Computers :: Technology Essays Police Criminal Justice and Computers Technology affects almost all aspects of society today. Family life, medicine, business, telecommunications, and social life have all been changed for both good and bad. Interesting me in particular, technology (mainly computers) has influenced the criminal justice/law enforcement field. That is my chosen profession that I hope to accomplish. A few summers ago, I had the privilege to ride along in a patrol car two times with the Michigan State Police Bay City Post. As I was side by side with the troopers, I observed many things. I never knew how much they used technology. Not only computers, but other things as well. Throughout one’s shift, the officer communicates on his radio frequently. This radio can broadcast all around the county to other police officers and stations. That is the way that the word about a crime gets spread. If an officer is down, he or she can just talk into their radio and help will come as soon as possible. I thought that when the police officer pulled over a speeding car, they walked up to it, issued the violator a ticket, and went on their merry little way. I was wrong. When they first pull them over, the officer enters the license plate into the mini computer. There is a small device that is latched into the console between the seats in the patrol car. It looks like a small computer with the keyboard and screen attached together. There are many different options to choose from on the main screen. After the officer enters the license plate number, a whole bunch of information comes up. Who owns the car, the make of the car, and information similar to that come up on the screen. After the officer gets the driver’s license, he or she enters that into the police blotter also. The information that comes back now is if there is a warrant out for the driver’s arrest, if he or she has any unpaid tickets, and also all the other times he or she has gotten pulled over for traffic violations with in the past year show up. Without this technology, police officers would be in a lot of danger. There could be a convicted felon in that car, but the officer would be unaware. So with this computer, a lot of information is stored, the safety of lives is increased, and the police can find out about the driver without asking him anything.

Stimulant Drugs and Its Effects

Not only does the phrase ‘Robbing Peter to pay Paul’ apply to Ponzi schemes, but it clearly applies to the use of stimulant drugs as well. According to the book Uppers, Downers, All Rounders, while stimulant drugs provide extra physical strength, added confidence, motivation and feelings of well-being, the continuing use of stimulants in the body may lead to ‘subsequent withdrawal symptoms, and severe depression can last for days or weeks or occasionally months. (Inaba, 2003) Without stimulus drugs, the human body releases the chemicals epinephrine and norepinephrine associated with the extra energy, confidence, and other feelings, among others.However, the normal release of these chemicals are reabsorbed by the body, and re-released again when needed. In the case of stimulant drugs, the release of these chemicals are forced on the body even before the need arises, thus, providing the body with extra energy. (Inaba, 2003) The result of this release of extra energy is then manifested by talking, uneasiness, hypervigilance and physical activity. Inaba, 2003) What is most concerning however, is the effect of strong stimulant drugs on the natural re-absorption of these chemicals, because drugs like these purposely prevent the re-absorption of these chemicals and een its metabolism. (Inaba, 2003)Having stated this, the robbery made by stimulant drugs is due to the dire health effects it causes in the long-term, such as ulcers, spasms, the constriction of heart vessels, hypertension, insomnia, paranoia, aggression, violence, psychosis, proneness to miscarriage, among others. Inaba, 2003) Thus, while it gives a short-term benefit to stimulant drug users, the long-term health toll must never be taken for granted, because it may prove to be fatal as well. It is a good thing, however, that many states are now implementing Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP), best practices guidelines for the treatment of substance abuse disorders. (Rawson, 1999)

Social Care Practice Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2646 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Sociology Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Social Work Essay Did you like this example? An Investigation of Principles, Care Strategies and Theories Related to Social Care Practice Part One This section provides a summative assessment of the principles, care strategies and theories that direct social care work within the UK. Specifically, the application of support principles, procedures for protecting clients from harm and the advantages of utilising a person-centred approach in working with clients are discussed. Additionally, ethical issues, applicable policies, legislation issues and regulation and the impacts of existing policies are presented in relation to providing social care. Applications of Support Principles Ensuring that individuals are properly cared for in health and social care requires the application of a number of support principles. Examples of these support principles include equity in the provision of care, universality in its accessibility and providing multiple financial options for individuals of all backgrounds (Alcock, Daly Griggs, 2008). As the individuals who require health and social care services differ in their ethnic, cultural, social and socioeconomic backgrounds, these support principles are pivotal in meeting the needs of the greatest percentage of the population (Alcock et al., 2008). Valuing diversity and providing support for families of varying backgrounds is a critical component of UK health and social care policy (Alcock et al., 2008). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Social Care Practice Essay" essay for you Create order Procedures for Protecting Clients from Harm Protecting clients from harm is another important consideration for social care home managers within the UK. Generally, clients taking advantage of social care services are in vulnerable positions, and face financial, psychological or medical difficulties that make them prone to potential harm or abuse (Alcock, May Rowlingson, 2008). The practise of safeguarding social care receivers is critical to preventing such abuse (Alcock et al., 2008). Current National Health Service (NHS, 2012) policy mandates that health and social care workers adhere to strict procedures for preventing neglect or abuse. Practitioners are held accountable for the services they provide, as well as their efforts to empower clients, protect their confidentiality and basic human rights and taking any additional measures necessary to protect vulnerable clients (NHS, 2012). Benefits of the Person-Centred Approach The person-centred approach guides all current UK health and social care practice (Edwards, 2012). This model of care, based on the early therapeutic work of Carl Rogers, emphasises protecting the individual rights of clients, and making decisions in a manner that best meets their unique needs (Moon, 2008). While this term is used frequently in other health and social care systems, many find themselves actually relying on financial and political considerations when planning care (Moon, 2008). The NHS prides itself on placing client satisfaction in the spotlight and enacting legislation that protects this person-centred approach, such as the Human Rights and Equality Acts (NHS, 2012). The advantages of this model range from increased client satisfaction, the ability to reach individuals from a diverse range of ethnic and financial backgrounds and more effective case outcomes (Edwards, 2012). Ethical Dilemmas and Conflicts Health and social care is a field rife with potential ethical dilemmas and conflicts. Examples of ethical dilemmas that commonly arise in this field are potential legal violations on the part of a client or colleague, the necessity to select between case alternatives that do not meet client needs, reporting unethical or illegal behaviour on the part of the client and negotiating roles and responsibilities when working with vulnerable population members (Edwards, 2012). Due to the sometimes-sensitive nature of the health and social care field, the NHS maintains ethical guidelines and policies for all practitioners to follow (McLean, 2010). Additionally, these guidelines are subject to perpetual reform to adapt to changing population needs (McLean, 2010). Implementation of Policies, Legislation, Regulations and Codes The NHS continually evaluates its policies, legislation, regulations and codes to ensure they are relevant and specific to the varying ethnic, cultural and financial backgrounds of the population (Tingle Bark, 2011). The Health and Social Care Act 2012 currently serves as the most extensive legislation guiding the field within the UK (Department of Health, 2012). This act maintains policies on health and social care providers, professional accountability and the organisation of the field (Department of Health, 2012). Within this act are specific policy standards providing a greater voice for patients, a more patient-centred model of care and standards on streamlining health and social care services to prevent inefficiency (Department of Health, 2012). The result of this act has been greater accessibility of care and improved health and social care efficiency (Department of Health, 2012). Local Policies and Procedures While UK legislation guides health and social care practice throughout the region, local policies and procedures may vary depending on population needs (Tingle Bark, 2011). For example, regions with higher or lower socioeconomic statuses may adapt local health and social care policy accordingly (Tingle Bark, 2011). In such cases, local government associations or community well-being associations can convene to reform procedures in a manner that best meets local needs (Department of Health, 2012). These organisations serve to inform NHS policy through highlighting various local health and social care needs (McLean, 2010). Through adapting local policies and procedures to meet community need, the NHS is able to deliver a higher quality of service on a national level (McLean, 2010). Impact of Policy, Legislation and Codes of Practice Legislation, policy and code reform have a profound impact on health and social care practice. This reform protects both clients and practitioners, and provides practical guidance as to best practices related to specific social care needs (Department of Health, 2012). The aim of evaluating policy, legislation and codes of practice is to ensure that standards are current, relevant, clear to clients and practitioners and ensure the safe and ethical care of all individuals (Tingle Bark, 2011). Part Two Changes in rules and legislations regarding health and social care practice serve to protect clients from discrimination and facilitate optimal person-centred care. Understanding the theories, social processes and professional roles involved can promote more holistic care delivery and prevent common ethical dilemmas. This section discusses such theoretical contributions to the health and social care field, as well as changes in organisational policy. Theories Underpinning Health and Social Care Practice Theory is critical to the field of health and social care, as it directs all practice (Jones Atwal, 2009). The general theories and models of care utilised within the healthcare system ultimately dictate its legislation and policy reform (Jones Atwal, 2009). Furthermore, delivering care based on theory helps guide future health and social care research (Jones Atwal, 2009). Health and social care within the UK is largely based on humanistic theory (Edwards, 2012). Humanistic theory emphasises the individual needs of each individual in designing care services, protecting clients individual rights, autonomy and dignity (Levin et al., 2011). Additionally, humanistic health and social care values the significance of effective communication with clients and colleagues, as well as in inter-professional working environments (Edwards, 2012). Humanistic theory is responsible for the person-centred model of care practised within the UK, which has subsequently directed recent policy refo rm (Levin et al., 2011). Additionally, social learning theory has had a large impact on health and social care practice in the UK (Jones Atwal, 2009). This theory highlights the importance of learning through observation and modelling in terms of adhering to a care plan (Jones Atwal, 2009). Through understanding the significance of this form of learning, care home managers can empower clients and provide the best possible care to individuals of diverse backgrounds (Mendelstem, 2009). Theory-driven health and social care practice is generally better suited to address the multiple factors that influence practice (Mendelstem, 2009). Finally, anti-oppressive theory and anti-discriminatory practice have shaped health and social care in the UK (Alcock et al., 2008). Anti-oppressive theory pertains to a style of professionalism that emphasises the role of social justice and the significance of individual rights (Alcock et al., 2008). Anti-discriminatory practice refers to social wo rk that serves a range of diverse social and ethnic backgrounds, and does not limit service based on any of these characteristics (Alcock et al., 2008). Impacts of Social Processes Social learning and other social processes can impact health and social care services in varying ways. For example, user involvement has recently been a key focus of policy reform within the UK (Kings Fund, 2011). This practice has promoted a more patient-centred health care model that accounts for the perspectives of both patients and caregivers (Kings Fund, 2011). Research (e.g., Levin et al., 2011) has demonstrated that user involvement has improved service related to cancer care, as well as other disciplines within the health and social care umbrella. Forming a partnership with health and social care users and professionals can improve the inter-professional working environment and strengthen individual impacts on both policy and care (Kings Fund, 2011). Additionally, engaging users and accounting for social processes in directing health care policy has shifted the current model from a reactive-oriented approach to one that is more proactive (Hearnden , 2008). Through incorp orating service users, for example, the health and social care field has been able to anticipate cultural change and meet the needs of an increasingly diverse population (Hearnden , 2008). Finally, the combination of the engagement of users and the person-centred care model, the process of social exclusion within the health care system has largely been avoided (Hearnden , 2008). Effectiveness of Inter-Professional Working Health and social care within the UK is trending toward an increasingly inter-professional working model (Wallace Davies, 2009). This health and social care policy promotes the collaboration of professionals to best meet the needs of clients (Wallace Davies, 2009). The NHS has incorporated this policy into its legislation, and emphasises care that fosters working relationships between differing professional organisations (Trodd Chivers, 2011). This model of care has resulted in a higher level of care within the UK, and has been critical in transforming perspectives on healthcare (Trodd Chivers, 2011). Accompanying the inter-professional model of care in the UK has been a more collaborative educational model (Courtenay, 2012). Practitioners are increasingly trained to incorporate an understanding of inter-professional care into their academic programmes, leading to a more holistic and patient-centred healthcare system (Courtenay, 2012). The sharing of knowledge that has resul ted from this inter-professional model has subsequently created more effective and efficient care plans (Jones Atwal, 2009). Though the implementation of an inter-professional working environment into practice has faces several challenges, such as a lack of support or training from managers, consistent evaluation and reform has led to improvements in the level of care throughout the UK (Trodd Chivers, 2011). Perhaps the most important area in which inter-professional working has been effective is its ability to transcend professional boundaries (Courtenay, 2012). Through effective collaboration with colleagues, professionals are able to share responsibilities and bypass many of the conflicts that previously detracted from these collaborative efforts (Courtenay, 2012). The result has been a more efficient and effective model of care (Courtenay, 2012). Role, Responsibilities, Accountabilities and Duties Regardless of ones specific role within the health and social care system, working within a team environment enables professionals to work through difficult practical problems (Mendelstem, 2009). Additionally, the inter-professional working environment allows professionals to share resources, knowledge and services to solve these complex challenges (Mendelstem, 2009). All professionals are responsible for maintaining ethical codes and professional standards related to their specific health and social care discipline. The effective sharing of information within an inter-professional work environment requires that individuals are held accountable for maintaining a high level of expertise, and effectively carry out their professional duties (Mendelstem, 2009). Each individual within the inter-professional working environment is also responsible for demonstrating the values and principles set forth by the NHS and their specific professional governance (Jones Atwal, 2009). Collabora ting with colleagues requires ethical conduct, effective verbal and non-verbal communication, respect for the contributions of other members of the care team and sharing responsibilities and professional duties (Harlen, 2005). Understanding these roles, responsibilities, accountabilities and duties facilitates a more holistic, patient-centred model of care (Day Wigens, 2006). As a health and social care student, educating ones self regarding these factors and their influence on policy is critical to future practice. Encouraging this understanding further improves the quality and efficiency of the healthcare system (Day Wigens, 2006). Contributions to Organisational Policy Many roles within the health and social care field serve to assist in the implementation and reform of national healthcare policies (Jones Atwal, 2009). As health and social care is practiced in a diverse range of settings, these workers play a vital role in directing organisational policy (Edwards, 2012). No other professionals possess the combination of organisational and practical insight as health and social care workers, and these professionals are essential in enabling other professionals, such as government officials and educators, in carrying out their duties (Jones Atwal, 2009). Additionally, health and social care workers are the first line of defence in safeguarding vulnerable population groups, and are primarily responsible for directing organisational policy regarding protecting these individuals (Department of Health, 2011). In protecting clients rights, social care workers are important in obtaining the resources needed to promote best practice standards (Pereir a et al., 2008). Finally, through engaging in ethical practice, effectively managing case loads and continuing to increase professional knowledge, social care workers are influential in contributing to organisational quality (Edwards, 2012). Recommendations for Good Practice In meeting good practice requirements, education and professional development are vital (Courtenay, 2012). Through continuing to receiver further training, professionals can sharpen their skills and best meet the changing needs of a diverse population (Courtenay, 2012). Additionally, incorporating evidence into practice can facilitate a higher level of quality in health and social care (Rushton, 2005). This practice involves the review and dissemination of current research surrounding health and social care, and the subsequent implementation of this evidence into professional practice (Day Wigens, 2006). The combination of these strategies can ensure the safeguarding of vulnerable population groups, a more collaborative working environment and the successful adherence to best practice standards (Courtenay, 2012). Reference: Alcock, C., Daly, G. and Griggs, E. (2008). Introducing Social Policy, 2nd edit, London: Pearson. 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